<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="ru">
	<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%3A%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B</id>
	<title>Обсуждение:Джинны - История изменений</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%3A%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-10-18T15:12:27Z</updated>
	<subtitle>История изменений этой страницы в вики</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.43.8</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52265&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maqivi в 20:05, 5 ноября 2021</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52265&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-11-05T20:05:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;ru&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Предыдущая версия&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Версия от 20:05, 5 ноября 2021&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Строка 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Строка 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Ссылки ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/istirak-i-sem&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mescid-i-cin&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/azaim&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l39&quot;&gt;Строка 39:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Строка 44:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Неарабское происхождение слова «джинны» не сразу прослеживается, даже если оно родственно корню jnn, присутствующему на большинстве древних семитских языков, хотя это обозначение сада или культивируемого места с деревьями (еврейский ган , это последнее значение сохраняется на арабском языке, где трилитарный корень jnn используется для обозначения «покрытия» растительности). С другой стороны, эфиопский ганен имеет смысл «демона, злого духа». Иногда этот эфиопский термин называется сирийским происхождением (Leslau, Dictionary, 198), из корня gnn, «восстанавливается, пребывает, спускается (это используется Святым Духом, см. Пейн Смит, Словарь, 73, см. святой дух). Но сирийский (см. Сириак и куран), по-видимому, не дает отрицательного значения «одержимого», значения, хорошо подтвержденного на арабском и эфиопском языках. Поэтому вполне вероятно, что это последнее значение джиннов - это развитие, характерное для арабского, которое перешло в эфиопское. Во всяком случае, термин джинн с его производными jānn, jinna, jinnī (в мужском, женском и коллективном, соответственно) полностью подтвержден на арабском языке эпохи Корана. Репрезентация и восприятие постоянного столкновения с другими метаморфическими существами и их противоположностью поддерживают их мнимое существование в умах людей. Коран стремится превратить свое божественное преимущество в страх, вдохновленный джиннами, и уничтожить власти, приписываемые им пастырскими и кочевыми обществами Западной Аравии. Тем не менее, эти странные существа продолжали существовать особенно интенсивно в самых разнообразных масках в коллективных фантазиях исламских обществ. Они встретились и слились с другими сверхъестественными существами, уже давно проживающими на территориях, завоеванных Исламом. Некоторые из них сохранили свои первоначальные имена, например, например, в Иране. Другие потеряли бы свою личность, по крайней мере, по внешности, и были бы ассимилированы цифрами, наиболее определенно отрицательными, которые можно окончательно идентифицировать как джинны.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Неарабское происхождение слова «джинны» не сразу прослеживается, даже если оно родственно корню jnn, присутствующему на большинстве древних семитских языков, хотя это обозначение сада или культивируемого места с деревьями (еврейский ган , это последнее значение сохраняется на арабском языке, где трилитарный корень jnn используется для обозначения «покрытия» растительности). С другой стороны, эфиопский ганен имеет смысл «демона, злого духа». Иногда этот эфиопский термин называется сирийским происхождением (Leslau, Dictionary, 198), из корня gnn, «восстанавливается, пребывает, спускается (это используется Святым Духом, см. Пейн Смит, Словарь, 73, см. святой дух). Но сирийский (см. Сириак и куран), по-видимому, не дает отрицательного значения «одержимого», значения, хорошо подтвержденного на арабском и эфиопском языках. Поэтому вполне вероятно, что это последнее значение джиннов - это развитие, характерное для арабского, которое перешло в эфиопское. Во всяком случае, термин джинн с его производными jānn, jinna, jinnī (в мужском, женском и коллективном, соответственно) полностью подтвержден на арабском языке эпохи Корана. Репрезентация и восприятие постоянного столкновения с другими метаморфическими существами и их противоположностью поддерживают их мнимое существование в умах людей. Коран стремится превратить свое божественное преимущество в страх, вдохновленный джиннами, и уничтожить власти, приписываемые им пастырскими и кочевыми обществами Западной Аравии. Тем не менее, эти странные существа продолжали существовать особенно интенсивно в самых разнообразных масках в коллективных фантазиях исламских обществ. Они встретились и слились с другими сверхъестественными существами, уже давно проживающими на территориях, завоеванных Исламом. Некоторые из них сохранили свои первоначальные имена, например, например, в Иране. Другие потеряли бы свою личность, по крайней мере, по внешности, и были бы ассимилированы цифрами, наиболее определенно отрицательными, которые можно окончательно идентифицировать как джинны.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|A category of created beings believed to possess powers for evil and good. Although their existence is never doubted, the jinn (Eng. «genie») are presented in the Qurʾān as figures whose effective role has been considerably curtailed in comparison to that accorded to them by various forms of pre-Islamic religion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;A category of created beings believed to possess powers for evil and good. Although their existence is never doubted, the jinn (Eng. «genie») are presented in the Qurʾān as figures whose effective role has been considerably curtailed in comparison to that accorded to them by various forms of pre-Islamic religion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Unlike their rivals, the rabb and the rabba, the «lords» and &amp;quot;ladies, &amp;quot; supernatural protectors and «allies» (awliyāʾ) of the tribes ¶ (see tribes and clans) that God, in the fullness of his lordship, succeeds in making disappear (q 53:23, «They are but names which you have named»), the jinn survive at the heart of the new religion. The Qurʾān limits itself to denying them the greater part of their powers — those, at any rate, that they could have claimed from the lord of the Qurʾān. In particular, they are shorn of their primordial function relative to humankind, that of uncovering the secrets (q.v.) of destiny (ghayb), thereby possessing knowledge of the future and of the world of the invisible (see hidden and the hidden; destiny; fate). In the account of the death of Solomon (q.v.; q 34:14), the jinn, having failed to grasp that the king is dead, continue to serve him in humility and abasement — thus demonstrating their ignorance of the ghayb. But the very fact that the Qurʾān dispossesses them, allows, at the same time, for recognition of their former role as mediators between the invisible world and humankind. The Qurʾān finds itself in the surprising position of having to come to terms with the jinn, i.e. subjecting them to its God, so powerful is the image they conjure up in popular imagination and local beliefs. In doing this, the text of the Qurʾān permits us to confirm part of what has been suggested concerning the way in which the desert Arabs (see arabs; bedouin; pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān) of the sixth century c.e. viewed their relationship to the jinn.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Unlike their rivals, the rabb and the rabba, the «lords» and &amp;quot;ladies, &amp;quot; supernatural protectors and «allies» (awliyāʾ) of the tribes ¶ (see tribes and clans) that God, in the fullness of his lordship, succeeds in making disappear (q 53:23, «They are but names which you have named»), the jinn survive at the heart of the new religion. The Qurʾān limits itself to denying them the greater part of their powers — those, at any rate, that they could have claimed from the lord of the Qurʾān. In particular, they are shorn of their primordial function relative to humankind, that of uncovering the secrets (q.v.) of destiny (ghayb), thereby possessing knowledge of the future and of the world of the invisible (see hidden and the hidden; destiny; fate). In the account of the death of Solomon (q.v.; q 34:14), the jinn, having failed to grasp that the king is dead, continue to serve him in humility and abasement — thus demonstrating their ignorance of the ghayb. But the very fact that the Qurʾān dispossesses them, allows, at the same time, for recognition of their former role as mediators between the invisible world and humankind. The Qurʾān finds itself in the surprising position of having to come to terms with the jinn, i.e. subjecting them to its God, so powerful is the image they conjure up in popular imagination and local beliefs. In doing this, the text of the Qurʾān permits us to confirm part of what has been suggested concerning the way in which the desert Arabs (see arabs; bedouin; pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān) of the sixth century c.e. viewed their relationship to the jinn.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l62&quot;&gt;Строка 62:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Строка 67:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;With regard to shayāṭīn al-insi wa-l-jinni at q 6:112, &quot;satanic men and jinn, &quot; it could be asked to what the «satanization» here evoked corresponds. Since the verse probably belongs to the Medinan period (see chronology and the qurʾān) it can doubtless be compared to the various passages denouncing an «alliance» (walāʾ) between humans and the «demons» (shayāṭīn), a designation that should be regarded as another name for the jinn: the infidels adopt these «demons» as allies (q 7:27, 30; cf. 17:27), but the alliance will in no case benefit them (q 2:16; see contracts and alliances; clients and clientage). There is also a series of occurrences where the alliance is with &quot;the Satan, &quot; the term being used as a proper name. He is as much a betrayer of the cause of humankind as are the &quot;demons, &quot; and will lead people to their damnation (see reward and punishment): q 25:29 reflects this theme, that of khadhūl, the «abandonment» ¶ of humanity by its pseudo-ally, the Satan (see enemies). The same theme is to be found in q 25:18 with the earlier deities designated periphrastically as «that which is adored apart from God» (see polytheism and atheism). These passages correspond to the evolution of the demonology proper to the Qurʾān, which ends up individualizing the satanic figure in a symbolic role that seems to condense together all the negative aspects of the &quot;demons, &quot; variously named. Like an unavoidable figure of the anti-god he seems to remain capable of trapping humans (e.g. q 27:24 or 58:19).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;With regard to shayāṭīn al-insi wa-l-jinni at q 6:112, &quot;satanic men and jinn, &quot; it could be asked to what the «satanization» here evoked corresponds. Since the verse probably belongs to the Medinan period (see chronology and the qurʾān) it can doubtless be compared to the various passages denouncing an «alliance» (walāʾ) between humans and the «demons» (shayāṭīn), a designation that should be regarded as another name for the jinn: the infidels adopt these «demons» as allies (q 7:27, 30; cf. 17:27), but the alliance will in no case benefit them (q 2:16; see contracts and alliances; clients and clientage). There is also a series of occurrences where the alliance is with &quot;the Satan, &quot; the term being used as a proper name. He is as much a betrayer of the cause of humankind as are the &quot;demons, &quot; and will lead people to their damnation (see reward and punishment): q 25:29 reflects this theme, that of khadhūl, the «abandonment» ¶ of humanity by its pseudo-ally, the Satan (see enemies). The same theme is to be found in q 25:18 with the earlier deities designated periphrastically as «that which is adored apart from God» (see polytheism and atheism). These passages correspond to the evolution of the demonology proper to the Qurʾān, which ends up individualizing the satanic figure in a symbolic role that seems to condense together all the negative aspects of the &quot;demons, &quot; variously named. Like an unavoidable figure of the anti-god he seems to remain capable of trapping humans (e.g. q 27:24 or 58:19).&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The theme of demonization and the accusation of pacts with the jinn apply specifically to the Medinan enemies of Muḥammad (see medina; opposition to muḥammad), the «impious» (kāfirūn, the ancient «ingrates» of tribal Arabia, «those who fail to recognize a benefit received»; see belief and unbelief; gratitude and ingratitude; blessing), the «hypocrites» (munāfiqūn, formerly used of &amp;quot;cowards, &amp;quot; and, as noted by Watt, also the term used to designate Muḥammad’s political enemies in Medina; see hypocrites and hypocrisy), or however they are named. It is a technique of qurʾānic polemical discourse (see polemic and polemical language) typical of the Medinan era, corresponding to conflict situations in which the religious argument often comes to the aid of the political (see politics and the qurʾān; language and style of the qurʾān). This is in contrast to the Meccan period, in which Muḥammad is accused by his own of being «possessed by the jinn.» The antithetical relationship between the jinn as negative allies and God as the only positive ally (walī, e.g. q 4:45) lends itself to conjecture about a «cult» alleged to be devoted to the jinn. In particular, some qurʾānic passages that discuss the jinn ¶ utilize terminology similar to that concerning the «service» rendered to God: i.e. ʿibādat al- jinn (there is also a passage on the «service» devoted to Satan, q 36:60). But, just like people, the jinn must adore God alone (q 51:56). Just like humans they are subjected to the last judgment (q.v.; q 37:158). Like the «people of the tribes» (nās), a number of them are destined for hell (q.v.; q 11:119; for further references to the infernal destiny of the jinn, see q 6:128; 7:38, 179; 32:13; 55:39).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The theme of demonization and the accusation of pacts with the jinn apply specifically to the Medinan enemies of Muḥammad (see medina; opposition to muḥammad), the «impious» (kāfirūn, the ancient «ingrates» of tribal Arabia, «those who fail to recognize a benefit received»; see belief and unbelief; gratitude and ingratitude; blessing), the «hypocrites» (munāfiqūn, formerly used of &amp;quot;cowards, &amp;quot; and, as noted by Watt, also the term used to designate Muḥammad’s political enemies in Medina; see hypocrites and hypocrisy), or however they are named. It is a technique of qurʾānic polemical discourse (see polemic and polemical language) typical of the Medinan era, corresponding to conflict situations in which the religious argument often comes to the aid of the political (see politics and the qurʾān; language and style of the qurʾān). This is in contrast to the Meccan period, in which Muḥammad is accused by his own of being «possessed by the jinn.» The antithetical relationship between the jinn as negative allies and God as the only positive ally (walī, e.g. q 4:45) lends itself to conjecture about a «cult» alleged to be devoted to the jinn. In particular, some qurʾānic passages that discuss the jinn ¶ utilize terminology similar to that concerning the «service» rendered to God: i.e. ʿibādat al- jinn (there is also a passage on the «service» devoted to Satan, q 36:60). But, just like people, the jinn must adore God alone (q 51:56). Just like humans they are subjected to the last judgment (q.v.; q 37:158). Like the «people of the tribes» (nās), a number of them are destined for hell (q.v.; q 11:119; for further references to the infernal destiny of the jinn, see q 6:128; 7:38, 179; 32:13; 55:39).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the Qurʾān, the theme of the nations that were destroyed because of their rebellion is also applied to the jinn (see punishment stories). One passage (q 6:130) attributes to the jinn, after the fashion of humans, «envoys from among you (minkum)… who warned you» (see messenger; warner), but this passage seems to have its origins in a form of rhetorical symmetry and nothing more is known about it (see form and structure of the qurʾān; rhetoric and the qurʾān). The disappearance of the «nations» (umam) of the jinn is also associated — without providing any further detail — with that of the human «nations» that have disappeared (q 41:25; 46:18; cf. q 7:38, where disappearance is associated with «hell» (nār); see generations). This is probably an extrapolation of the Qurʾān’s discourse, bringing the punishment of the impious, of the deniers and of those who fail to recognize the «signs» (q.v.; āyāt) of God to its logical conclusion. The jinn of the Qurʾān again lose ground with reference to their previous status. They are reduced to sharing the eschatological destiny of humankind (see eschatology).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the Qurʾān, the theme of the nations that were destroyed because of their rebellion is also applied to the jinn (see punishment stories). One passage (q 6:130) attributes to the jinn, after the fashion of humans, «envoys from among you (minkum)… who warned you» (see messenger; warner), but this passage seems to have its origins in a form of rhetorical symmetry and nothing more is known about it (see form and structure of the qurʾān; rhetoric and the qurʾān). The disappearance of the «nations» (umam) of the jinn is also associated — without providing any further detail — with that of the human «nations» that have disappeared (q 41:25; 46:18; cf. q 7:38, where disappearance is associated with «hell» (nār); see generations). This is probably an extrapolation of the Qurʾān’s discourse, bringing the punishment of the impious, of the deniers and of those who fail to recognize the «signs» (q.v.; āyāt) of God to its logical conclusion. The jinn of the Qurʾān again lose ground with reference to their previous status. They are reduced to sharing the eschatological destiny of humankind (see eschatology).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maqivi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52264&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maqivi в 20:14, 30 июня 2021</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52264&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-06-30T20:14:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;amp;diff=52264&amp;amp;oldid=52263&quot;&gt;Внесённые изменения&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maqivi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52263&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maqivi в 23:08, 9 сентября 2017</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52263&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-09-09T23:08:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;ru&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Предыдущая версия&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Версия от 23:08, 9 сентября 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l234&quot;&gt;Строка 234:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Строка 234:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;(P. Voorhoeve)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;(P. Voorhoeve)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==  Religion Past and Present ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{|&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|Бог создал четыре вида живых существ: ангелы (X), дьяволы (X), джинны и, наконец, люди. Сообщение откровения также адресовано джиннам. Арабское слово гинн - это коллективный термин; индивидуальное существо называется inninn (англ. jinni), fem. ğinnīya. Коллективное обозначение āānn используется синонимом. Этимологически корень означает скрывать, скрывать. Джинны, таким образом, ссылаются, по-видимому, на скрытых, таинственных существ. Согласно Корану, они были созданы из огня. Они не в строгом смысле духа, и тот факт, что они обычно невидимы, якобы проистекает из сущностного характера их материального бытия. Проявление их материальной природы включает в себя еду и питье и сексуальные отношения друг с другом и с отдельными отдельными людьми. Центральная систематическая работа над такими существами, Ākām al-marğān fī aḥkām al-ānn of aš-Šiblī (14-й век), начинается с вопроса о супружеской ассоциации с ними. Термин дьявол (šayāṭīn) часто относится к мятежным и злым джиннам. Джинны были вызваны на всевозможные магические практики. Согласно Корану 34: 12-14, Соломон первым привлек их к служению. «Арабские ночи»: «Сказки из тысячи и одной ночи» также свидетельствуют об их способности к самопреобразованию и оказываемых ими услугах. За исключением домашних духов, джинны обычно встречаются в заброшенных местах, таких как руины, пустыня, вади или кладбища. Они происходят с особой концентрацией в нечистых местах, таких как ванны. В противном случае они встречаются повсюду на земле и в воздухе, даже до самого низкого рая, хотя все их попытки украсть тайны неба пресекаются стреляющей звездой. Хотя большинство джиннов остаются невидимыми, известны имена отдельных джиннов, их лидеров и их племен. Их первичные формы появления включают змей или других ползучих животных, черных собак и вихрей. Они также могут принимать форму страшных человекоподобных фигур и встречаться с людьми - особенно с путешественниками - как «Ифрит», «Юл», «Сила», «Кюруб», «Марид» или «Шикк». В Коране упоминается Ифрит. Особенно опасно, что джинны - это ужасная Карина, связанная с родами. Но не все джинны злобны или убийственны; многие из них просто капризны. Можно защитить себя от них, используя широкую палитру устройств (амулеты, декламацию Корана, чистки, самодисциплину и т. Д.). Индивидуальные, частично синкретичные ритуалы, такие как культ Зар в Египте и Судане (влияние Африки), менее озабочены вымиранием духов, чем с установлением контакта, чтобы успокоить их. Пророк Мухаммад изначально был глубоко обеспокоен обвинениями в том, что он просто овладел духом (mağnūn). Однако ни сам Коран, ни традиционная литература не решают вопрос о джиннах систематически или недвусмысленно - хотя 72-я сура называется аль-гинн. Противоречивые утверждения исходят и из многих других источников. Раннее арабское, древнее Ближневосточное, еврейское и христианское влияние наряду со всеми возможными вариациями местных обычаев формировали исламские убеждения в таких духах, которые все еще присутствуют сегодня в персидской и турецкой сферах. Вторичная литература (обычно старше) часто носит более популярный характер.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|God created four kinds of living creatures: angels (X), devils (X), jinns, and finally human beings. The message of revelation is also addressed to the jinns. The Arabic word ğinn is a collective term; the individual being is called a ğinnī (Eng. also jinni), fem. ğinnīya. The collective designation ğānn is used synonymously. Etymologically the root means to hide, conceal. Jinns thus refer presumably to hidden, mysterious beings. According to the Qurʾān, they were created from fire. They are not in the strict sense spirits, and the fact that they are usually invisible allegedly derives from the gossamer nature of their material being. The manifestation of their corporeal nature includes eating and drinking and having sexual relations with one another and with selected individual human beings. The central systematic work on such beings, the Ākām al-marğān fī aḥkām al-ğānn of aš-Šiblī (14th cent.), begins with the question of marital association with them. The term devil (šayāṭīn) frequently refers to rebellious and evil jinns. Jinns were summoned for all sorts of magical practices. According to Qurʾān 34:12–14, Solomon was the first to engage them in his service. The Arabian Nights: Tales from a Thousand and One Nights also attests to their capacity for self-transformation and the services they render. With the exception of house spirits, jinns are usually found in ¶ abandoned locales such as ruins, the desert, wadis, or cemeteries. They occur with particular concentration at unclean places such as baths. Otherwise they are found everywhere on earth and in the air even as high as the lowest heaven, though all their attempts to steal the secrets of heaven are thwarted by a shooting star. Although most jinns remain invisible, the names of individual jinns, their leaders, and their tribes are known. Their primary forms of appearance include serpents or other creeping animals, black dogs, and whirlwinds. They can also take the form of fearsome, human-like figures and encounter human beings – especially travelers – as ʿIfrīt, Ġūl, Siʿlāh, Quṭrub, Mārid or Šiqq. The Qurʾān only mentions Ifrīts. One particularly feared jinn is the terrible Qarīna associated with childbirth. But not all jinns are malevolent or murderous; many are merely capricious. One can protect oneself against them by using a broad palette of devices (amulets, Qurʾān recitation, cleansings, self-discipline, etc.). Individual, in part syncretistic rituals such as the Zār cult in Egypt and Sudan (African influence) are less concerned with exorcizing spirits than with establishing contact in order to assuage them. The prophet Muḥammad was initially deeply troubled by the accusation that he was merely possessed by a spirit (mağnūn). Yet neither the Qurʾān itself nor traditional literature addresses the question of jinns systematically or unequivocally – even though the 72nd sura is titled al-ğinn. Contradictory statements come from numerous other sources as well. Early Arabic, ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Christian influences along with every possible variation of local customs have shaped Islamic belief in such spirits, a belief still present today in the Persian and Turkish sphere. Secondary literature (generally older) is often of a more popular nature.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maqivi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52262&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maqivi в 22:51, 9 сентября 2017</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52262&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-09-09T22:51:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;amp;diff=52262&amp;amp;oldid=52261&quot;&gt;Внесённые изменения&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maqivi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52261&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maqivi: Новая страница: «== Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition == {| |в соответствии с мусульманскими концептуальными органами (adjs…»</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;diff=52261&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-09-09T22:44:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Новая страница: «== Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition == {| |в соответствии с мусульманскими концептуальными органами (adjs…»&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki-staging.holyquran.wiki/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B&amp;amp;diff=52261&quot;&gt;Внесённые изменения&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maqivi</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>