Обсуждение:Армянский язык
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
| Армения, армяне: 1100—1895 (4 317 слов)
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Список используемой литературы Армяне в период с 1100 по 1895 годы жили, за исключением периода монгольского владычества и под руководством мелких аристократов северо-восточной Армении, под властью турок до османской экспансии в Армению (в первой половине X / XVI века).
В северо-восточной Армении, в отдаленных районах вокруг озера Севан, лежал ряд небольших независимых армянских княжеств, которые, с некоторыми различиями, составляли остаток от поздней классической и раннесредневековой системы нахарара (системы местной, племенной аристократии) , В остальной части Армении население управлялось рядом мелких турецких, курдских и иранских княжеств, которые все были в некоторой степени подчинены Великим Салджукам. Возможно, начиная с седьмого десятилетия шестого / двенадцатого века, более северные города этих княжеств (например, Эрзурум [мод. Тюрк.] / Арзурум [отт. Тюрк.] И Ани) процветали благодаря международной торговле между Ираном и Центральной Азия на востоке и Европа на западе. Источники предполагают мирное существование для армянского населения, за исключением периодических войн. Западные княжества (Эрзурум и Шлат [Арм.] / Хилах [араб.] / Ахлах [О.Т.] / Ахлат [мТ]) были в конечном счете поглощены сальджуками Рума, хотя последний султанат был почти сразу завоеван монгольской империей (641/1243). Дальше на восток город Ани был поглощен грузинским королевством в 1199 году н.э., который создал обширный антагон со столицей Ани, управляемой армянской династией, вассалами грузинской короны (эта семья была известна на грузинском языке как Мхаргрдзели и по-армянски как зак'арь). Эта династия подчинялась монгольским захватчикам вместе со всем грузинским царством.
Западные и северо-западные районы Армении (такие как Арл-Рум [Ар.] / Эрзурум [ОТ] / Эрзурум [мТ], Эрзнка [Арм.] / Арзинджан [ОТ] / Эрзинджан [мТ] и Харберд [Арм. ] / Харпут [мТ]) входили в султанат Сальджук, который, в свою очередь, подчинялся Сулханам, но с 698/1297-8 гг. Султанат Сальджук больше не участвовал в управлении этими регионами, так как их правило быстро ослабевало и скоро закончится (в 703/1304 или вскоре после этого). После этого этими регионами, наряду с остальной частью султаната, управляли непосредственно правители Эльханидов. В 744/1343 годах последний из них, Эретна, отделился и сформировал свое собственное государство. Незначительные аристократы северо-востока выжили, но их число и статус были уменьшены после восстания, продолжавшегося с 657/1259 до 659/1261. Династия Закяреев продолжалась в Ани и ее округе до, возможно, второго десятилетия восьмого / четырнадцатого века, после чего она попала под прямое монгольское правление; юго-восток (по существу города вокруг озера Ван) с самого начала подвергался монголам.
Османская администрация в Армении, в узком определении, не начинается до начала десятого / шестнадцатого века. До этого времени Арменией управляли разные государства. Эретна, его сын и внук правили из частей Сиваса на северо-западе Армении, хотя теряли Эрзурум, Эрзинджан и Байбурт местным амирам до того, как государство было передано Кади Бурханеддину (Перс., О.Т., Каши Бурхан аль-Дин), в 782/1381. Племенная конфедерация, известная как Каракоюнлу (Qarā Qoyūnlū), удерживала область озера Ван и районы, прилегающие к северу и западу; им подчинялись местные курдские княжества. Подобная племенная конфедерация Аккоюнлу (Qq Qoyūnlū), зародившаяся в округах Байбурт и Эмид [араб., Перс., OT] / Диярбакыр [mT], боролась за территорию и влияние, главным образом с Каракоюнлу, начиная с 820-х годов. / 1420-е годы до победы над последним в 872/1467: это дало Аккоюнлу контроль практически над всей Арменией. Вышеуказанные конфликты, вторжение Тимура в 789/1387 гг., Направленное против Каракоюнлу, и другие военные конфликты в регионе привели к небезопасной обстановке, которая препятствовала стабильной и процветающей жизни, будь то материальной, религиозной или культурной. Тем не менее, торговля между Тебризом и Бурсой вдоль северного коридора (конец 790-х и начало 800-х / середина и конец 1390-х годов) и между Тебризом и Алеппо (возможно, с 770-х / 1370-х годов) поддерживала города, в то время как на юго-востоке наблюдалась определенная стабильность был предоставлен курдскими княжествами. Центр тяжести монашеской жизни, включая строительство и копирование рукописей, впоследствии был перенесен в область озера Ван, в частности город Балеш / Багеш [Арм.] / Битлис [мТ] и долины к югу от озера. Монастыри и население здесь были дополнительно защищены местным католикосатом - Алтамаром (Ахтамар, монастырь на острове в озере), который откололся от основной части церкви в 1113 году. В 1441 ° С. католикосат армянской церкви был перенесен из Киликии на свое первоначальное место жительства - Аджмиадзин или Валаршапат / Вагаршапат, в настоящее время находящийся в районе, находящемся под непосредственным управлением Каракоюнлу. Место католикосата находилось в крепости Хомкла [Арм.] / Калъат аль-Рум [араб., О.Т.] / Ром Кале [мТ] над Евфратом с 1148 ° C. в 691/1292, когда Хомкла был захвачен султанатом Мамлюка; оттуда это было перенесено в Сис, столицу армянского королевства Киликия. Сис, однако, попала под контроль Мамлука и находилась далеко от центра Армении.
В Иране Аккоюнлу были заменены династией Хафавидов (Хафавиды вошли в Тебриз в 907/1501). Наступление Османской империи в Армению, Sensu Stricto, началось в ходе кампании в Чалдиране [мТ] / Чалдиран [ОТ] в 920/1514 гг. И закончилось захватом и укреплением Вана в 955/1548 гг. Несмотря на временную оккупацию османами северо-западных территорий Хафавидов, в том числе таких районов Армении, как Ереван (Ереван) и его равнину, более прочная граница между ними проходит вдоль хребта Загрос, который отделяет Иран от современной Турции, а затем примерно вдоль нынешняя турецко-армянская граница. От кампании в Чалдыре до 1027/1618 гг. (Война 1032-49 / 1623-39 велась только в Месопотамии), кампании в Османской империи, приведшие к временным оккупациям в Иране, и контр-кампании Шафавида привели к гибели людей, бедности и массовым миграции.
На территории Хафавидов мелкие аристократы северо-восточной Армении (мелики), хотя и находились под слабым контролем, стали вассалами Хафавидов. Ханаты были созданы в Ереване и Нахчыване [Перс.], Которые имели более близкие отношения с государством Хафавидов. Хафавидский шах Аббас I (ок. 995—1038 / 1587-1629) депортировал большую часть населения восточной и центральной Армении, особенно Джульфы (на реке Арас, к юго-западу от Нахчывана), в новую столицу Хафавида Исфахана. и некоторые другие места; из пригорода Нор Джульфа (Новая Джульфа) армянские купцы организовывали и финансировали торговлю из Индии в Османскую империю и Европу.
Торговля ухудшилась, сначала с передачей (в начале двенадцатого / конце семнадцатого века до середины двенадцатого-восемнадцатого века) сухопутной торговли шелком от маршрута Алеппо до маршрута Измира, затем с почти полным отказом от международных торговцев по суше маршруты. Условия в оттоманской сельской местности стали менее безопасными, и государство утратило контроль над некоторыми вилайетами (ОТ, вилайеты, провинции) и санаками (ОТ, санджаки, подразделения провинций). Население Ирана подверглось резне и голоду, сначала в результате османских вторжений во время войны 1136-38 / 1723-25 годов, которые были предприняты для противодействия угрозе, исходящей от российской оккупации Баку и Ширвана, а затем в течение последующих десяти лет. - Османская оккупация, за последние пять лет из которой афганский Надир-шах постепенно восстановил всю оккупированную Османской империей территорию в иранской Армении и в конце концов сам короновал шаха в 1148/1736 (он будет править до 1160/1747). Российская империя позже предприняла широкомасштабное вмешательство в северо-восточную Армению. После аннексии грузинского королевства в январе 1801 года Россия начала две войны с Ираном (1804-13 и 1826-8). В соответствии с Туркменским договором, подписанным в феврале 1828 года, империя приобрела ханства Еревана и Нахчывана и меликдомы (мелкие княжества) Харабала (Карабаха, Карабаха) и Чака, а также ханства Ширвана и Баку в современная республика Азербайджан. Россия вела одну войну с Османской империей в 1806-12 годах, а другая - в 1828-9 годах, когда ее силы проникли глубоко в территорию Османской империи (Эрзурум, Муш [О.Т.] / Муш [мТ]). Однако по Эдирнскому договору 1829 года они вышли из этих завоеванных земель, но после русско-иранской и русско-османской войн люди из иранского Азербайджана и Османской Армении (районы Эрзурум и Баязид [OT]) / Doğubayazıt [mT]) мигрировали в недавно завоеванные районы.
Жизнь как отдельное национальное образование под организованной гражданской администрацией - Армянская область (провинция) со столицей в Ереване была основана в 1828 году - дала армянам российских округов новое национальное самосознание, и это, с увеличением благосостояния, принесенного Возрождение торговли здесь и в Грузии привело к культурному возрождению, начиная с 1840-х годов, главным образом в литературе, а также в живописи, музыке, театре и образовании (средние школы были основаны в нескольких городах).
Во время Крымской войны (1853-6) российские войска взяли Карс после мрачной осады, но город был восстановлен в Османской империи в соответствии с Парижским договором (1856). Однако во время войны 1877-8 гг. Карс снова пал на русские войска, и на этот раз после того, как Берлинский договор (1878 г.) передал Карс и Ардахан Российской империи, русская администрация была распространена на эти районы. Успехи России в этих войнах и интерес Англии и Франции к Османской Армении привели к вовлечению трех иностранных держав в переговоры и оказанию давления для организации реформ в армянских провинциях (так называемый армянский вопрос, аспект более общего характера). Восточный вопрос). В то же время формирование армянской интеллигенции в русской Армении и в Стамбуле привело к созданию политических партий, прежде всего Гнчак (1887 г.) и Дашнак (1890 г.) с филиалами как в Российской Армении, так и в Османской Армении и в Европе. Несмотря на интернационалистскую повестку дня, эти партии были революционными по своему намерению и были ответственны за несколько инцидентов, нацеленных на вовлечение европейских держав в инициативу, главным образом для улучшения жизни армян в провинциях и подстрекательства армянского, а иногда и мусульманского населения. |
Armenia, Armenians: 1100—1895 (4,317 words)
Article Table of Contents
Bibliography The Armenians in the period 1100—1895 lived—except for the period of Mongol domination and under the minor aristocrats of northeastern Armenia—under Turkish rule before the Ottoman expansion into Armenia (during the first half of the tenth/sixteenth century).
In northeastern Armenia, in the remote regions around Lake Sevan, lay a series of small, independent Armenian principalities, which, with some differences, constituted the remainder of the late classical and early mediaeval naxarar system (that of a local, tribally based aristocracy). In the rest of Armenia, the population was ruled by a series of minor Turkish, Kurdish, and Iranian principalities, all of which were subject, in some degree, to the Great Saljūqs. From perhaps the seventh decade of the sixth/twelfth century, the more northerly of these principalities’ cities (e.g., Erzurum [mod. Turk.]/Arzurūm [Ott. Turk.] and Ani) flourished with the international trade between Iran and Central Asia in the east and Europe in the west. The sources suggest a peaceful existence for the Armenian population, except for intermittent wars. The western principalities (Erzurum and Xlat‘ [Arm.]/Khilāṭ [Arab.]/Akhlāṭ [OT]/Ahlat [mT]) were eventually absorbed by the Saljūqs of Rūm, although the latter sultanate was conquered almost immediately by the Mongol empire (641/1243). Further east, the city of Ani was absorbed by the Georgian kingdom in 1199 °C.E., which created an extensive apanage, with Ani as its capital, ruled by an Armenian dynasty, vassals of the Georgian crown (the family was known in Georgian as the Mkhargrdzeli and in Armenian as the Zak‘arean). This dynasty submitted to the Mongol invaders, along with the entire Georgian kingdom.
The western and northwestern regions of Armenia (such as Arḍ al-Rūm [Ar.]/Erzurūm [OT]/Erzurum [mT], Erznka [Arm.]/Arzinjān [OT]/Erzincan [mT], and Kharberd [Arm.]/Harput [mT]) were part of the Saljūq sultanate, which was, in turn, subject to the Īlkhāns, but, from 698/1297-8, the Saljūq sultanate no longer had a hand in the government of these regions, as their rule was weakening rapidly and would soon end (in 703/1304 or shortly after). Thereafter, these regions, along with the remainder of the sultanate, were ruled directly by Īlkhānid governors. In 744/1343 the last of these, Eretna, broke away and formed his own state. The minor aristocrats of the northeast survived, but their number and status were diminished after a revolt lasting from 657/1259 to 659/1261. The Zak‘arean dynasty continued in Ani and its district until perhaps the second decade of the eighth/fourteenth century, after which it came under direct Mongol rule; the southeast (essentially the cities around Lake Van) had been subject to the Mongols from the beginning. The Armenian population suffered initially from heavy taxation, but, in general, international trade caused the country to prosper. A road that functioned along its entire length from c. 653/1255 to 737/1337, connecting the port of Ayas in the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia via Sebasteia ([Lat.]/Sīvās [OT]/Sivas [mT]) with Tabriz, brought great vitality to the cities of Sīvās and Erzincan. To the southeast, Xlat‘ and Archēsh [Arm.]/Arjīsh [Pers., OT]/Erciş [mT] were active in this period, partly, it seems, because of the proximity of the Īlkhānid palace (known in Pers. as Alā Dāgh and in Arm. as Alatał) on the plain of Gaṙni northeast of Lake Van and partly because of trading links with Tabriz and Baghdad. The Mongol period, continuing a movement that had begun in the previous period, saw an efflorescence in all artistic and intellectual fields. In certain monasteries, notably Tat‘ew in Siunik‘, there developed a tradition of classically-inspired learning, and manuscript copying and illumination were practised at a high artistic level (Glajor, Erznka, Archēsh). It was in the monasteries themselves, particularly in the mountainous districts still in the hands of the remaining aristocracy, that building continued, including some classic examples.
Ottoman administration in Armenia, narrowly defined, does not begin until the early tenth/sixteenth century. Until that time Armenia was ruled by various states. Eretna, his son, and grandson ruled from Sīvās parts of northwestern Armenia, though losing Erzurum, Erzincan, and Bayburt to local amīrs, before the state was taken over by Kadı Burhaneddin (Pers., OT, Qāḍī Burhān al-Dīn), in 782/1381. A tribal confederation known as the Karakoyunlu (Qarā Qoyūnlū) held the Lake Van region and areas adjacent to the north and west; subordinate to them were local Kurdish principalities. A similar tribal confederation, the Akkoyunlu (Āq Qoyūnlū), with beginnings in the districts of Bayburt and Āmid [Arab., Pers., OT]/Diyarbakır [mT], fought for territory and influence, principally with the Karakoyunlu, from the 820s/1420s until defeating the latter in 872/1467: this gave the Akkoyunlu control over virtually all of Armenia. The above conflicts, Tīmūr’s invasion of 789/1387 directed against the Karakoyunlu, and other military conflicts in the region, brought insecurity that militated against a stable and prosperous life, whether material, religious, or cultural. Nevertheless, trade between Tabriz and Bursa along a northern corridor (late 790s and early 800s/mid- and late 1390s) and between Tabriz and Aleppo (perhaps from the 770s/1370s) sustained the cities, while, in the southeast, a certain stability was provided by the Kurdish principalities. The centre of gravity of monastic life, including building and manuscript copying, was consequently transferred to the Lake Van region, particularly the city of Bałēsh/Baghēsh [Arm.]/Bitlis [mT] and the valleys south of the lake. The monasteries and population here were further protected by a local catholicosate, that of Ałt‘amar (Aght‘amar, a monastery on an island in the lake), which had broken away from the main body of the church in 1113 °C.E. In 1441 °C.E. the catholicosate of the Armenian church was transferred from Cilicia to its original seat, Ējmiadzin or Vałarshapat/Vagharshapat, now in an area administered directly by the Karakoyunlu. The catholicosate’s seat had been at the fortress of Hṙomkla [Arm.]/Qalʿat al-Rūm [Arab., OT]/Rum Kale [mT] above the Euphrates from 1148 °C.E. to 691/1292, when Hṙomkla was captured by the Mamlūk sultanate; from there it was transferred to Sis, the capital of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. Sis, however, came under Mamlūk control and was far from the centre of Armenia.
In Iran, the Akkoyunlu were replaced by the Ṣafavid dynasty (the Ṣafavids entered Tabriz in 907/1501). The Ottoman advance into Armenia, sensu stricto, began in the Çaldıran [mT]/Chāldīrān [OT] campaign of 920/1514 and ended with the capture and fortification of Van in 955/1548. Despite temporary Ottoman occupations of the northwestern Ṣafavid territories, including parts of Armenia such as Yerevan (Erevan) and its plain, the more durable border between the two lay along the Zagros range, which separates Iran from present-day Turkey, and then roughly along the present Turkish-Armenian border. From the Çaldıran campaign to 1027/1618 (the war of 1032-49/1623-39 was fought in Mesopotamia only), Ottoman campaigns—resulting in temporary occupations in Iran—and Ṣafavid counter-campaigns caused loss of life, poverty, and mass migrations. In Ottoman territory, the Armenians were subject to an organised and hierarchical administration and a taxation system that was an extension, with variations, of the standard system prevailing elsewhere in the empire. The exception was the Kurdish principalities, now Ottoman vassal states; little is known of their taxation of local zimmis (OT, dhimmīs, non-Muslim subjects). After the conclusion of hostilities in 1018/1609 trade revived, and with it the cities, in the Tabriz-Bursa corridor and along the Aleppo route. In Ṣafavid territory, the minor aristocrats of northeastern Armenia (meliks), although loosely controlled, became Ṣafavid vassals. Khānates were established at Yerevan and Nakhchivān [Pers.] that had a closer relationship to the Ṣafavid state. The Ṣafavid shah Abbās I (r. 995—1038/1587-1629) deported the much of the population of eastern and central Armenia, especially that of Julfa (on the river Aras, southwest of Nakhchivān), to the new Ṣafavid capital of Isfahan and certain other places; from the suburb of Nor Julfa (New Julfa), Armenian merchants organised and financed trade from India to the Ottoman Empire and Europe.
Trade deteriorated, first with the transfer (in the early twelfth/late seventeenth century to mid-twelfth-eighteenth century) of the overland silk trade from the Aleppo route to the İzmir route, then with the nearly total abandonment by international traders of the overland routes. Conditions in the Ottoman countryside became less secure, and the state lost control over some vilayets (OT, vilāyets, provinces) and sancaks (OT, sanjaqs, subdivisions of provinces). The Iranian population suffered massacre and famine, first as a result of Ottoman invasions during the war of 1136-38/1723-25, which was undertaken to counter the threat posed by the Russian occupation of Baku and Shīrvān, and then during the subsequent ten-year Ottoman occupation, in the last five years of which the Afghan Nādīr Shāh gradually regained all the Ottoman-occupied territory in Iranian Armenia and eventually had himself crowned shah in 1148/1736 (he would rule until 1160/1747). The Russian Empire later undertook a far-reaching intervention in northeastern Armenia. After its annexation of the Georgian kingdom in January 1801, Russia initiated two wars with Iran (1804-13 and 1826-8). By the treaty of Turkmānchāy, signed in February 1828, the empire acquired the khānates of Yerevan and Nakhchivān and the melikdoms (petty principalities) of Łarabał (Karabagh, Garabagh) and Ch‘akē, as well as the khānates of Shīrvān and Baku, in the present-day republic of Azerbaijan. Russia fought one war with the Ottoman Empire in 1806-12 and another in 1828-9 in which its forces penetrated deep into Ottoman territory (Erzurum, Mūsh [OT]/Muş [mT]). By the treaty of Edirne (Adrianople) in 1829, however, they withdrew from these conquered lands, but, after the Russo-Iranian and Russo-Ottoman wars, people from Iranian Azerbaijan and Ottoman Armenia (the districts of Erzurum and Bayāzīd [OT]/Doğubayazıt [mT]) migrated to the newly-conquered districts.
Living as a distinct national entity under an organised civil administration—the Armenian oblast’ (province) with its capital at Yerevan was established in 1828—gave the Armenians of the Russian districts a new national consciousness, and this, with the increased prosperity brought by a revival of trade here and in Georgia, resulted in a cultural renaissance, from the 1840s onwards, principally in literature but also in painting, music, theatre, and education (secondary schools were founded in several towns). In Ottoman Armenia the central government largely re-established control, succeeding, for example, in evicting some of the Kurdish princes. The Tanzimat reforms (1839-76) gave Armenian communities rights of representation at the vilayet and sancak levels and reorganised the administration along French-inspired hierarchical lines, with Armenians themselves playing a part in the administration. Trade in certain cities, such as Erzurum, improved, partly by virtue of the Treaty of Edirne, which provided for the re-establishment of commercial links with Iran and the Caucasus via Trabzon and Batum. At the same time, however, some local industries were harmed by competition from cheaper European manufactures. In the countryside, the Armenian peasantry suffered, often working for Kurdish masters as sharecroppers and sometimes heavily indebted. The cultural and educational upsurge in Russian Armenia and in Istanbul had a limited impact on the strictly Armenian provinces, although some schools, such as the Sanasarian College in Erzurum (1881), were founded, and Protestant missions undertook, among their educational activities, the foundation of schools. During the Crimean War (1853-6), Russian forces took Kars after a grim siege, but the city was restored to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Paris (1856). During the war of 1877-8, however, Kars again fell to Russian forces, and this time, after the Treaty of Berlin (1878) gave Kars and Ardahan to the Russian Empire, Russian administration was extended to these districts. The Russian gains in these wars and the interest of Britain and France in Ottoman Armenia led to the involvement of the three foreign powers in negotiations and pressures to arrange reforms in the Armenian provinces (the so-called Armenian Question, a facet of the more general Eastern Question). At the same time, the formation of an Armenian intelligentsia in Russian Armenia and in Istanbul led to the foundation of political parties, most notably the Hnchak (1887) and Dashnak (1890) with branches in both Russian Armenia and Ottoman Armenia and in Europe. Despite an internationalist agenda, these parties were revolutionary in intent and were responsible for several incidents aimed at involving the European powers in the initiative principally to improve the lives of Armenians in the provinces and at inciting the Armenian and sometimes the Muslim populations. |
- General references
Gérard Dédéyan (ed.), Histoire des Arméniens (Toulouse 1988), chaps. 8-12
Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.), The Armenian people from ancient to modern times (New York 1997), vol. 1, chaps. 10, 12, vol. 2, chaps. 1-7
Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia. A historical atlas, Chicago 2001 (with comprehensive texts and an extensive bibliography).
- Bibliographies
Vrej N. Nersessian, Armenia, Oxford 1993
Çiğdem Balım-Harding, Turkey, rev. ed., Oxford 1999
Vrej N. Nersessian, A bibliography of articles on Armenian studies in Western journals, 1869—1995, Richmond, Surrey 1997.
- Primary sources
- General
The colophon collections, beginning with A. Mat‘evosyan, Hayerēn jeragreri ZhG dari hishatakaranner, Yerevan 1984, and ending with Vazken A. Hakobyan, Hayerēn jeragreri ZhĒ dari hishatakaranner (1641—1660 t‘t‘), Yerevan 1984. To be supplemented by: Mayrts‘uts‘ak hayerēn je ṙ agrats‘ Matenadarani Mkhit‘areants‘ i Venetik, Venice, vols. 3 (1966), 4 (1993), 5 (1995) and 6 (1996)
Vrej N. Nersessian, A catalogue of Armenian manuscripts in the British Library acquired since the year 1913 and of collections in other libraries in the United Kingdom, 2 vols., London 2012
the Vienna catalogues, beginning with Haupt-Catalog der armenischen Handschriften herausgegeben von der Wiener Mechitaristen-Congregation, vol. 1, Die armenischen Handschriften in Österreich, pt. 1, ed. Jacobus Dashian, Vienna 1891
Ts‘uts‘ak hayerēn je ṙ agrats‘ Vaspurakani, ed. Ervand Lalayan, Tiflis 1915
Mayr ts’uts’ak dzeragrats’ Srbots’ Hakobeants’, ed. Norayr Pogharian, 10 vols., Jerusalem 1966-
Manr Zhamanakagrut‘yunner XIII—XVIII dd., ed. Vazken A. Hakobyan, 2 vols, Yerevan 1951-6.
- Studies
- Chronologically comprehensive
The series on the Armenian provinces, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, beginning with Armenian Van/Vaspurakan, Costa Mesa 2000
Thomas A. Sinclair, From the Mediterranean to Iran. Pegolotti’s Ayas-Tabriz itinerary and its commercial context, forthcoming (extensive bibliography)
Armenia and Iran, EIr, including H. Papazian and G. Bournoutian, Armeno-Iranian relations in the Islamic period. On the church: Krikor H. Maksoudian, Chosen of God. The election of the Catholicos of All Armenians from the fourth century to the present, New York 1995
Babgēn [Kiwleserean], Patmut‘iwn Kat‘oghikosats‘ Kilikiots‘ (1441-ēn minch‘ew mer ōrerĕ), Antelyas 1939
Tiran Nersoyan, Armenian Church historical studies. Matters of doctrine and administration, comp. Nerses Vrej Nersessian, New York 1996
Mesrob K. Krikorian, Die armenische Kirche. Materialen zur armenischen Geschichte, Theologie und Kultur, Frankfurt am Main 2002.
- Art
Jean-Michel Thierry, L’Arménie au Moyen Age. Les hommes et les monuments, Paris 2000.
- Architecture
The series Documenti di architettura Armena, beginning with Il complesso monastico di Hakhpat (X—XIII sec.), Milan 1968. The series Research on Armenian architecture (1997-), including Samvel Karapetian, Armenian cultural monuments in the region of Karabagh, trans. Anahit Martirossian, Yerevan 2001.
Paolo Cuneo, Architettura armena dal quarto al diciannovesimo secolo, 2 vols., Rome 1988
Christina Maranci, Medieval Armenian architecture. Constructions of race and nation, Leuven 2001
J. M. Thierry, Monuments arméniens du Vaspurakan, Paris 1989
Jean-Michel Thierry de Crussol, Monuments arméniens de Haute-Arménie, Paris 2005.
- Manuscript illumination
Lydia A. Dournovo, Armenian miniatures, London 1961
Emma Korkhmazian, Irina Drampian, and Gravard Hakopian, Armenian miniatures of the 13th and 14th centuries from the Matenadaran collection, Yerevan, translated from the Russian by Ashkhen Mikoyan, Leningrad 1984
Vrej Nersessian, Armenian illuminated Gospel-books, London 1987
Thomas F. Matthews and Avedis K. Sanjian, Armenian gospel iconography. The tradition of the Glajor Gospel (Washington DC 1991), esp. chap. 4.
- Carpets
Lucy Der Manuelian and Murray L. Eiland, Weavers, merchants and kings. The inscribed rugs of Armenia, ed. Emily J. Sano, Fort Worth 1984.
- Literature
Agop J. Hacikyan et al. (eds.), The heritage of Armenian literature, vol. 2, From the sixth to the eighteenth century, vol. 3, From the eighteenth century to modern times, Detroit 2000
Robert W. Thomson, A bibliography of classical Armenian literature to 1500, Turnhout 1995.
- Before the Mongols
Babken Aṙak‘elian, K‘aghak‘nerĕ ev arhestnerĕ Hayastanum, IX—XIII darerum, 2 vols., Yerevan 1958, 1964
Seta B. Dadoyan, The Armenians in the medieval Islamic world. Paradigms of interaction, vol. 2, Armenian realpolitik in the Islamic world and diverging paradigms. Case of Cilicia, eleventh to fourteenth centuries, vol. 3, Medieval cosmopolitanism and images of Islam. Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries, New Brunswick and London, 2012, 2013
Sergio La Porta, «The kingdom and the sultanate were conjoined.» Legitimizing land and power in Armenia during the 12th and early 13th centuries, Revue des Études Arméniennes 34 (2012), 73-118
Sergio La Porta, Lineage, legitimacy and loyalty in post-Seljuk Armenia. A reassessment of the sources of the failed Ōrbēlean revolt against King Giorgi III of Georgia, Revue des Etudes Arméniennes 31 (2008-9), 127-65.
- Turkish and other states
Osman Turan, Doğu Anadolu Türk devletleri tarihi, Istanbul 1973
Faruk Sümer, Selçuklular devrindedoğu Anadolu’da Türk beylikleri, Ankara 1990.
- The Mongol period
Dorothea Krawulsky, Īrān. Das Reich der Īlhāne. Eine topographisch-historische Studie, Wiesbaden 1978 (see entries for various cities)
Bertold Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran. Politik, Verwaltung und Kultur der Ilchanzeit, 1220—1350, Leiden 19854
Faruk Sümer, Anadolu’da Moğollar, Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 (1969), 1-147. On Eretna, Kemal Göde, Eratnalılar (1327—1381), Ankara 1994
Thomas Sinclair, The economy of Armenia under the Il-Khans, Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 11 (2000), 39-52
Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog, The Mongols and the Armenians (1220—1335), Leiden 2011
D. A. Korobeinikov, Orthodox communities in eastern Anatolia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, pt. 2, The time of troubles, Al-Masāq 17 (2005), 1-29.
- Between the Mongols and the Ottomans
States: Kemal Göde, Eratnalılar (1327—1381), Ankara 1994
Yaşar Yücel, Kadı Burhaneddin Ahmed ve Devleti, 1344—1398, Ankara 1970
Yaşar Yücel, XIV—XV. yüzyillar Türkiye tarihi hakkında araştırmalar, pt. 1, Mutahharten ve Erzincan emirliği, Belleten 35/140 (1971), 665—719
Faruk Sümer, Kara Koyunlular, vol. 1, Ankara 1967
John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu. Clan, confederation, empire, rev. ed., Salt Lake City 1999
Rustam Shukurov, Between peace and hostility. Trebizond and the Pontic Turkish periphery in the fourteenth century, Mediterranean Historical Review 9/1 (1994), 20-72
Thomas A. Sinclair, The government of the Lake Van region under the Kara Koyunlu, in Markus Köhbach (ed.), Acta Viennensia Ottomanica. Akten des 13. CIEPO-Symposiums (Comité international des études ottomanes et pre-ottomanes) (Vienna 1999), 337-43.
- Sources
Vardapet T‘ovma Mecobets‘i, Patmagrut‘yun, ed. Levon Khach‘ikyan, Yerevan 1999, trans. Robert Bedrossian, History of Tamerlane and his successors, New York 1987, and http://rbedrosian.com/tm1.htm
Levon S. Khach‘ikyan, XIV—XV dareri haykakan gyughakan hamaynk‘i masin, Patmabanakan Handēs 1 (1958), 110-34.
Early tenth/sixteenth to mid-eleventh/seventeenth century
- Ottoman side
- Sources
The tahrir defterleri in the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (Ottoman archive in the prime minister’s office) furnish important information on population, economic activity, and administration.
- Studies
Mehmet Ali Ünal, XVI. yüzyılda Harput Sancağı (1518—1566), Ankara 1989
İsmet Miroğlu, Kemah Sancağı ve Erzincan Kazası (1520—1566), Ankara 1990
Dündar (Aydın), Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilati. Kuruluş ve genişleme devri (1535—1566), Ankara 1998
M. Mehdi İlhan, Amid (Diyarbakır). 1518 Tarihli defter-i mufassal, Ankara 2000
Nejat Göyünç, XVI. yüzyılda Mardin Sancağı, Ankara 1991. The mühimme defterleri in the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi are important for issues at the eyālet and sancaq levels.
- Some have been published
3 numarali mühimme defteri (966—968/1558-1560). Özet ve transkripsyon, Ankara 1993, 5 numarali mühimme defteri (973/1565-1566), Ankara 1994, 7 numarali mühimme defteri (975-6/1567-9), 4 vols., Ankara 1997, and 12 numarali mühimme defteri 978-9/1570-2, 3 vols., Ankara 1996 (sic)
Mehmet Ali Ünal, Mühimme defteri 44, Izmir 1995
Nezihi Aykut et al. (eds.), Mühimme defteri 90, Istanbul 1993.
- Other Ottoman sources
Nasuhü’s Sīlāhī (Matrāḳçī), Beyān-ı menāzil-i sefer-i ʿIrākeyn-i Süleymān Hān, ed. Hüseyin G. Yurdaydın, Ankara 1976
Evliya Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. Topkapı Sarayı Bağdat 304 yazmasinin transkripsiyon-dizini, ed Zekeriya Kurşun et al. (Istanbul 1996—2007), esp. vols. 2, 4, 5
Zhamanakagrut‘iwn Grigor Vardapeti Kamakhets‘woy kam Daranaghts‘woy, ed. Mesrop Nshanean, Jerusalem 1915. Studies: Manvel G. Zulalyan, Jalalineri sharzhumë ev hay zhoghovurdi vichakë Ō smanyan Kaysrut‘yan mej (XVI—XVII darer), Yerevan 1966
Sadık Müfit Bilge, Osmanlı çaği’nda kafkasya, 1454—1829. Tarih, toplum, ekonomi, Istanbul 2012
Thomas A. Sinclair, The Ottoman arrangements for the tribal principalities of the Lake Van region of the sixteenth century, International Journal of Turkish Studies 9/1-2 (2003), 119-43
Leila T. Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi, The development of the Anatolian urban network during the sixteenth century, JESHO 23/3 (1980), 265—303
Leila T. Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi, Population rise and fall in Anatolia, 1550—1620, Middle Eastern Studies 15/3 (1979), 322-45
Thomas A. Sinclair, Administration and fortification in the Van region under Ottoman rule in the 16th century, A. C. S. Peacock (ed.), The frontiers of the Ottoman world (London 2009), 211-24
Thomas A. Sinclair, The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, from the Ottoman conquests to 1750, in Kevork B. Bardakjian (ed.), «Where the Only-Begotten descended.» A history of the Armenian church, forthcoming.
- Safavid side
- Sources
Aṙak‘ēl Dawrizhets‘i, Girk‘ patmut‘eants‘, ed. L. A. Khanlarian, Yerevan 1990, trans. George A. Bournoutian, The history of Vardapet A ṙ akʿel of Tabriz, 2 vols., Costa Mesa 2005-6
Zakaria Kanakertsi (Zak‘areay Sarkawagi Patmagrut‘iwn), Khronika, ed. M. O. Darbibian-Melikian, Moscow 1969, trans. George A. Bournoutian, The chronicle of Deacon Zak‘aria of K‘anak‘er (Zak‘areay Sarkawagi Patmagrut‘iwn), Costa Mesa 2004.
- Studies
George A. Bournoutian (trans.), Two chronicles on the history of Karabagh, Costa Mesa, 2004
A. D. Papazyan, Agrarnye otnosheniia v vostochnoibreve; Armenii v XVI—XVII vekakh, Yerevan 1972
Cosroe Chaqueri (ed.), The Armenians of Iran. The paradoxical role of a minority in a dominant culture. Articles and documents, Cambridge MA 1998
Edmund Schütz, An Armeno-Kipchak document of 1640 from Lvov and its background in Armenia and the diaspora, in György Kara (ed.), Between the Danube and the Caucasus. A collection of papers concerning oriental sources (Budapest 1987), 247—330
Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, The Shah’s silk for Europe’s silver. The Eurasian trade of the Julfa Armenians in Safavid Iran and India (1530—1750), Atlanta 1999
Edmund M. Herzig, The Armenian merchants of New Julfa, Isfahan. A study in pre-modern Asian trade, Oxford 2004
Bhaswati Bhattacharya, Armenian-European relationship in India, 1500—1800. No Armenian foundation for European empire?, JESHO 48/2 (2005), 277—322
Sebouh David Aslanian, From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. The global trade networks of the Armenian merchants from New Julfa, Berkeley 2011
Vazken S. Ghougassian, The emergence of the Armenian diocese of New Julfa in the seventeenth century, Atlanta 1998
John Carswell, New Julfa. The houses of the Armenians, Rome 1974
Mustafa Aydın, Karabağ, TDVIA 24:367-8 (bibliog.).
Mid-eleventh/seventeenth to early nineteenth century
- Ottoman side
Yusuf Halaçoğlu, XVIII. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun iskân siyaseti ve aşiretlerin yerleştirilmesi, Ankara 1988.
- Safavid empire, Russia
- Sources
George A. Bournoutian, Armenians and Russia, 1626—1796. A documentary record, Costa Mesa 1999
Abraham Erevants‘i, Patmut‘iwn paterazmats‘n, 1721—1736 t‘ui, Venice 1977, trans. George A. Bournoutian, History of the wars, 1721—1738, Costa Mesa 1999, and trans. George A. Bournoutian, The chronicle of Abraham of Crete. Patmut‘iwn of Kat‘oghikos Abraham Kretats‘i, Costa Mesa 1999
George A. Bournoutian (trans.), Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797—1889. A documentary record, Costa Mesa 1998
Sergius [Sargis] Hasan-Jalaliants, A history of the land of Artsakh. Karabagh and Ganje, 1722—1827 (Patmutiun Aghuanits Ashkharkhu), trans. Ka’ren V. Ketenjian and ed. Robert H. Hewsen, Costa Mesa 2013 (with many sources)
Mirzǎ Jamāl Javānshīr Qarābaghī, Garabaghnamă, Baku 1989, trans. George A. Bournoutian, A history of Qarabagh. An annotated translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi’s Tarikh-e Qarabagh, Costa Mesa 1994
see Aydın, Karabağ (above) for additional sources
George Bournoutian (trans.), The 1823 Russian survey of the Karabagh Province. A primary source on the demography and economy of Karabagh in the early 19th century, Costa Mesa 2011.
- Studies
Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, The Shah’s silk for Europe’s silver. The Eurasian trade of the Julfa Armenians in Safavid Iran and India (1530—1750), Atlanta 1999
Kemal Erkan, 1734—1735 Osmanlı-İran savaşimühimme defteri (Ramazân 1146-Zilhicce 1147), Istanbul 2011
V. R. Grigorian, Erevani Khanutʿyunĕ 18-rd dari verjum (1780—1800), Yerevan 1958
Sadık Müfit Bilge, Osmanlı çaği’nda kafkasya, 1454—1829. Tarih, toplum, ekonomi, Istanbul 2012
George A. Bournoutian, The khanate of Erevan under Qajar rule, 1795—1828, Costa Mesa 1992
Christopher J. Walker, Armenia. The survival of a nation (London 1980), 42-56.
Early nineteenth century to 1895
- Sources
Enver Ziya Kural, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda ilk nüfus sayimi, Ankara 1943, 19972
Manuēl K. Mirakhorian, Nkaragrakan ugheworut‘iwn i hayabnak gawa ṙ s A ṙ ewelean Tajkastani, 3 vols., Istanbul 1884-5
T. Kh. Akopyan, Razvitiye Erevana posle prisoedineniia vostochnoibreve; Armenii k Rossii (sbornik dokumentov, 1801—1917 gg.), Yerevan 1978
Vital Cuinet, La Turquie d’Asie. Géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l’Asie-Mineure, 4 vols., Paris 1890-5
Henry F. B. Lynch, Armenia. Travels and studies, 2 vols., London 1901, repr. Beirut 1965.
- Studies
Ahmet Aksın, Tanzimat’ın Harput Eyaleti’nde Uygulanması ve Karşılaşılan Güçlükler, Belleten 62/235 (1998), 851-61
Masayuki Ueno, For the fatherland and the state. Armenians negotiate the Tanzimat reforms, IJMES 45/1 (2013), 93-109
Bayraman Kodaman, Abdülhamid devri eğitim sistemi (Ankara 19912), index
İlknur Polat, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda açılan Amerikan okulları üzerine bir inceleme, Belleten 52/203 (1988), 461-74
Stephen Duguid, The politics of unity. Hamidian policy in eastern Anatolia, Middle Eastern Studies 9/2 (1973), 139-55
Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman population, 1830—1914. Demographic and social characteristics, Madison 1985
Christopher J. Walker, Armenia. The survival of a nation (London 1980), 56-69 (Russian side), 94-150 (Ottoman side).
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