Обсуждение:Абраха
В подобных статьях было бы полезно прилагать карту региона. За источник можно взять книгу "Атлас Корана" в котором имеются подробныю иллюстрации по основным темам.
- Добавил изображение. Спасибо, что подсказали источник. --Maqivi (обсуждение) 20:00, 28 августа 2017 (PKT)
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
| Христианский правитель Королевства Южной Аравии, основанной Абиссинами, чьё имя традиционно было связано с толкованием Суры 105, в которой описывается кара Бога в отношении владельцев Слона. Несмотря на то, что он не упоминается в Кораническом тексте, его имя регулярно подчёркивается в литературе по толкованию. Эпиграфическое доказательство, письма Византийской военной истории Прокопиуса, а также церковные источники предоставляют независимое историческое подтверждение этой фигуре, однако, его связь с Сурой ограничена Мусульманскими источниками — в особенности, историческими и богословскими текстами.
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The Christian ruler of a south Arabian kingdom founded by the Abyssinians (see abyssinia ), whose name is traditionally associated with the interpretation of q 105, where there is a description of God smiting the People of the Elephant (q.v.). Although he is not mentioned in the qurʾānic text, his name is regularly given in the commentary literature. Epigraphic evidence, the writings of the Byzantine military historian Procopius as well as ecclesiastical sources provide independent historical attestation for this figure, but his association with the sūra is limited to Muslim sources, especially historical and exegetical texts.
The standard account of the Islamic Abraha may be found in the early pages of Ibn Isḥāq's Sīra, the most commonly cited biography of the Prophet. It is repeated or summarized in many subsequent commentaries (cf. Ṭabarī, Tafsīr, xxx, 299-303; Ṭūsī, Tibyān, x, 409-11; Rāzī, Tafsīr, xxxii, 96). ¶ Read as an extended commentary on q 105, the story forms part of a larger account of Yemeni history in the generations immediately preceding the birth of Muḥammad (see sīra and the qurʾān ). Its earliest segment is clearly framed as the annunciation of “an apostle who will bring truth and justice among men of religion and virtue” (Ibn Isḥāq-Guillaume, 6). As his portion of the story unfolds, Abraha is presented as seizing power of the Abyssinian-controlled territory in the Yemen (q.v.) by a coup and then cleverly defusing the sworn revenge of the Abyssinian ruler, the Negus (al-Najāshī). To mollify him further, Abraha builds a magnificent church in Sanʿāʾ and then pledges to divert Arab pilgrimages to this new sanctuary. Angered by a Meccan of the tribe of the Banū Kināna who difiles the church — by defecating in it, according to some exegetes (cf. Rāzī, Tafsīr, xxxii, 96; Qurṭubī, Jāmiʿ, xx, 188) — to prevent its use as a pilgrimage site, Abraha, in turn, vows revenge on the Meccan sanctuary and marches toward the Kaʿba (q.v.) at the head of a vast army. Abraha's defeat involves miraculous animals, including an Abyssinian battle elephant that kneels before the Kaʿba and refuses to fight and flocks of birds who rain stones down upon his assembled troops. Variants of this narrative abound, some offering as an additional explanation for Abraha's advance upon Mecca the destruction of a Christian church in Abyssinia by a cooking fire carelessly abandoned by some Arab traders (Muqātil, Tafsīr, iv, 847; Qummī, Tafsīr, ii, 442-3; Ibn al-Jawzī, Zād, ix, 232; Qurṭubī, Jāmiʿ, xx, 192-5). Abraha's advance upon Mecca acquired additional importance in the Muslim sources as a point of chronological calculation for the birth of Muḥammad. Dates in pre-Islamic Meccan history were reckoned from the Year of the Elephant(ʿām al-fīl)¶ and the key dates in the life of the Prophet were coordinated with this year. Although Abraha's invasion and Muḥammad's birth are often dated to a year equivalent to 570 c.e., the commentators record no unanimity on this matter. Qurṭubī (Jāmiʿ, xx, 194) is representative in presenting sources that equate the Year of the Elephant with that of Muḥammad's birth as well as those that place Abraha's attack 23 or 40 years earlier. Western scholars have also long questioned the accuracy and historical reliability of these chronologies. Those of previous generations, such as T. Nöldeke, H. Lammens and R. Blachère, pointed out the inconsistencies within the early Arabic sources and the contradictions between them and evidence from extra-Islamic traditions. More recent work, such as that of L. Conrad and U. Rubin, has investigated the symbolic and topological significance of the dates and periodization of Muḥammad's career in traditional biographies. See also pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān . |